TOTAL VIEW

Thursday, September 1, 2011

MALAYSIA POPULATION : 25,715,819


 Background
During the late 18th and 19th centuries, Great Britain established colonies and protectorates in the area of current Malaysia; these were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. In 1948, the British-ruled territories on the Malay Peninsula formed the Federation of Malaya, which became independent in 1957. Malaysia was formed in 1963 when the former British colonies of Singapore and the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of Borneo joined the Federation. The first several years of the country's history were marred by a Communist insurgency, Indonesian confrontation with Malaysia, Philippine claims to Sabah, and Singapore's secession from the Federation in 1965. During the 22-year term of Prime Minister MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (1981-2003), Malaysia was successful in diversifying its economy from dependence on exports of raw materials to expansion in manufacturing, services, and tourism .


 Geography
Strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea
Location:Southeastern Asia, peninsula bordering Thailand and northern one-third of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia, Brunei, and the South China Sea, south of Vietnam
Geographic coordinates:2 30 N, 112 30 E
Area:total: 329,847 sq km land: 328,657 sq km water: 1,190 sq km 

Size comparison: slightly larger than New Mexico
Land Boundaries:total: 2,669 km border countries: Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km
Coastline:4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea
Climate:tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons
Terrain:coastal plains rising to hills and mountains
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m
Natural resources:tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite
Land use:arable land: 5.46% permanent crops: 17.54% other: 77% (2005)
Irrigated land:3,650 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:flooding; landslides; forest fires
Current Environment Issues:air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from Indonesian forest fires
International Environment Agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
^Back to Top
 People
Population:25,715,819 (July 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 46
Age structure:0-14 years: 31.4% (male 4,153,621/female 3,914,962) 15-64 years: 63.6% (male 8,210,373/female 8,143,043) 65 years and over: 5% (male 569,245/female 724,575) (2009 est.)
Median age:total: 24.9 years male: 24.3 years female: 25.6 years (2009 est.)
Population growth rate:1.723% (2009 est.)
Birth rate:22.24 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Death rate:5.02 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Net migration rate:NA note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region (2009 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 15.87 deaths/1,000 live births male: 18.32 deaths/1,000 live births female: 13.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 73.29 years male: 70.56 years female: 76.21 years (2009 est.)
Total fertility rate:2.95 children born/woman (2009 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.5% (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:80,000 (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:3,900 (2007 est.)
Nationality:noun: Malaysian(s) adjective: Malaysian
Ethnic groups:Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%, others 7.8% (2004 est.)
Religions:Muslim 60.4%, Buddhist 19.2%, Christian 9.1%, Hindu 6.3%, Confucianism, Taoism, other traditional Chinese religions 2.6%, other or unknown 1.5%, none 0.8% (2000 census)
Languages:Bahasa Malaysia (official), English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai note: in East Malaysia there are several indigenous languages; most widely spoken are Iban and Kadazan
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 88.7% male: 92% female: 85.4% (2000 census)
^Back to Top
 Government
Country name:conventional long form: none conventional short form: Malaysia local long form: none local short form: Malaysia former: Federation of Malaya
Government type:constitutional monarchy note: nominally headed by paramount ruler (commonly referred to as the King) and a bicameral Parliament consisting of a nonelected upper house and an elected lower house; all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers (commonly referred to as sultans) except Melaka and Pulau Pinang (Penang); those two states along with Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government; powers of state governments are limited by federal constitution; under terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives (e.g., right to maintain their own immigration controls)
Capital:name: Kuala Lumpur geographic coordinates: 3 10 N, 101 42 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Putrajaya is referred to as administrative center not capital; Parliament meets in Kuala Lumpur
Administrative divisions:13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, and Terengganu; and 1 federal territory (wilayah persekutuan) with three components, city of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan, and Putrajaya
Independence:31 August 1957 (from the UK)
National holiday:Independence Day/Malaysia Day, 31 August (1957)
Constitution:31 August 1957; amended many times, the latest in 2007
Legal system:based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; Islamic law is applied to Muslims in matters of family law and religion; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: King - Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin (since 13 December 2006); (the position of the king is primarily ceremonial) head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed NAJIB bin Abdul Razak (since 3 April 2009); Deputy Prime Minister MUHYIDDIN bin Mohamed Yassin (since 9 April 2009) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament with consent of the king elections: kings are elected by and from the hereditary rulers of nine of the states for five-year terms; selection is based on principle of rotation among rulers of states; election last held on 3 November 2006 (next to be held in 2011); prime minister designated from among the members of the House of Representatives; following legislative elections, the leader who commands the support of the majority of members in the House becomes prime minister (since independence this has been the leader of the UMNO party) election results: Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin elected king
Legislative branch:bicameral Parliament or Parlimen consists of Senate or Dewan Negara (70 seats; 44 appointed by the king, 26 elected by 13 state legislatures; serve three-year terms with limit of two terms) and House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (222 seats; members elected by popular vote; serve up to five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held on 8 March 2008 (next to be held by June 2013) election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote - BN coalition 50.3%, opposition parties 46.8%, others 2.9%; seats - BN coalition 140, opposition parties 82
Judicial branch:Civil Courts include Federal Court, Court of Appeal, High Court of Malaya on peninsula Malaysia, and High Court of Sabah and Sarawak in states of Borneo (judges are appointed by the king on the advice of the prime minister); Sharia Courts include Sharia Appeal Court, Sharia High Court, and Sharia Subordinate Courts at state-level and deal with religious and family matters such as custody, divorce, and inheritance only for Muslims; decisions of Sharia courts cannot be appealed to civil courts
Political parties and leaders:National Front (Barisan Nasional) or BN (ruling coalition) consists of the following parties: Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Party or PGRM [KOH Tsu Koon]; Liberal Democratic Party (Parti Liberal Demokratik - Sabah) or LDP [LIEW Vui Keong]; Malaysian Chinese Association (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [ONG Tee Keat]; Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongres India Malaysia) or MIC [S. Samy VELLU]; Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP]; Parti Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu or PBB [Abdul TAIB Mahmud]; Parti Rakyat Sarawak or PRS [James MASING]; Sarawak United People's Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam]; United Malays National Organization or UMNO [NAJIB bin Abdul Razak]; United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization (Pertubuhan Pasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Bernard DOMPOK]; People's Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia) or PPP [M.Kayveas]; Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party or SPDP [William MAWAN]) People's Alliance (Pakatan Rakyat) or PR (opposition coalition) consists of the following parties: Democratic Action Party (Parti Tindakan Demokratik) or DAP [KARPAL Singh]; Islamic Party of Malaysia (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI Awang]; People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [WAN AZIZAH Wan Ismail]; Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Edwin DUNDANG] independent party: Sabah Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Saban) or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee]
Political pressure groups and leaders:Bar Council BERSIH (electoral reform coalition); PEMBELA (Muslim NGO coalition) other: religious groups; women's groups; youth groups
International organization participation:ADB, APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, C, CICA (observer), CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador JAMALUDDIN Jarjis chancery: 3516 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 572-9700 FAX: [1] (202) 572-9882 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador James R. KEITH embassy: 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur mailing address: US Embassy Kuala Lumpur, APO AP 96535-8152 telephone: [60] (3) 2168-5000 FAX: [60] (3) 2142-2207
^Back to Top
 Economy
Malaysia, a middle-income country, has transformed itself since the 1970s from a producer of raw materials into an emerging multi-sector economy. After coming to office in 2003, former Prime Minister ABDULLAH tried to move the economy farther up the value-added production chain by attracting investments in high technology industries, medical technology, and pharmaceuticals, an effort that continues under current Prime Minister NAJIB. The NAJIB administration also is continuing efforts to boost domestic demand and to wean the economy off of its dependence on exports. Nevertheless, exports - particularly of electronics - remain a significant driver of the economy. As an oil and gas exporter, Malaysia has profited from higher world energy prices, although the rising cost of domestic gasoline and diesel fuel, combined with strained government finances, has forced Kuala Lumpur to reduce government subsidies. The government is also trying to lessen its dependence on state oil producer Petronas, which supplies 40% of government revenue. The central bank maintains healthy foreign exchange reserves and its well-developed regulatory regime has limited Malaysia's exposure to riskier financial instruments and the global financial crisis. Nevertheless, decreasing worldwide demand for consumer goods hurt Malaysia's exports and economic growth in 2009, although both began showing signs of recovery late in the year. In June 2010 NAJIB will introduce the Tenth Malaysia Plan, outlining new reforms. NAJIB already has introduced several reforms in the services sector in a bid to attract direct foreign investment, which has stagnated in recent years.
GDP (purchasing power parity):GDP (purchasing power parity): $378.9 billion (2009 est.) $389.8 billion (2008 est.) $372.7 billion (2007 est.) note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):GDP (official exchange rate): $207.4 billion (2009 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:-2.8% (2009 est.) 4.6% (2008 est.) 6.2% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):GDP - per capita (PPP): $14,700 (2009 est.) $15,400 (2008 est.) $15,000 (2007 est.) note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:agriculture: 10.1% industry: 42.3% services: 47.6% (2009 est.)
Labor force:11.29 million (2009 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture: 13% industry: 36% services: 51% (2005 est.)
Unemployment rate:5% (2009 est.) 3.325% (2008 est.)
Population below poverty line:5.1% (2002 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 28.5% (2005 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:46.1 (2002) 49.2 (1997)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.4% (2009 est.) 5.4% (2008 est.) note: approximately 30% of goods are price-controlled
Investment (gross fixed):Investment (gross fixed): 18.2% of GDP (2009 est.)
Budget:revenues: $44.6 billion expenditures: $60.72 billion (2009 est.)
Public debt:47.8% of GDP (2009 est.) 40% of GDP (2008 est.)
Agriculture - products:Peninsular Malaysia - rubber, palm oil, cocoa, rice; Sabah - subsistence crops, rubber, timber, coconuts, rice; Sarawak - rubber, pepper, timber
Industries:Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging, timber processing; Sabah - logging, petroleum production; Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging
Industrial production growth rate:-8% (2009 est.)
Electricity - production:103.2 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - consumption:99.25 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - exports:2.268 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:727,200 bbl/day (2008 est.)
Oil - consumption:547,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
Oil - exports:511,900 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - imports:314,600 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - proved reserves:4 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
Natural gas - production:57.3 billion cu m (2008 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:26.27 billion cu m (2008 est.)
Natural gas - exports:31.03 billion cu m (2008 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2008 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:2.35 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
Current account balance:$27.76 billion (2009 est.) $33.76 billion (2008 est.)
Exports:$156.4 billion (2009 est.) $198.7 billion (2008 est.)
Exports - commodities:electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, wood and wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals
Exports - partners:Singapore 14.7%, US 12.5%, Japan 10.8%, China 9.5%, Thailand 4.8%, Hong Kong 4.3% (2008)
Imports:$119.5 billion (2009 est.) $154.7 billion (2008 est.)
Imports - commodities:electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel products, chemicals
Imports - partners:China 12.8%, Japan 12.5%, Singapore 11%, US 10.8%, Thailand 5.6%, South Korea 4.6%, Indonesia 4.6%, Germany 4.3% (2008)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$98.02 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $91.21 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Debt - external:$48.26 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $75.33 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:$86.43 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $83.35 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:$70.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $71.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:$187.1 billion (31 December 2008) $325.7 billion (31 December 2007) $235.4 billion (31 December 2006)
Exchange rates:ringgits (MYR) per US dollar - 3.55 (2009), 3.33 (2008), 3.46 (2007), 3.6683 (2006), 3.8 (2005)
^Back to Top
 Communications
Telephones in use:4.292 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 36
Cellular Phones in use:27.125 million (2008)
Telephone system:general assessment: modern system; international service excellent domestic: good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; domestic satellite system with 2 earth stations; combined fixed-line and mobile cellular teledensity 125 per 100 persons international: country code - 60; landing point for several major international submarine cable networks that provide connectivity to Asia, Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean) (2008)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 35, FM 391, shortwave 15 (2001)
Television broadcast stations:88 (mainland Malaysia 51, Sabah 16, and Sarawak 21) (2006)
Internet country code:.my
Internet hosts:362,968 (2009)
Internet users:16.903 million (2008)
^Back to Top
 Transportation
Airports:118 (2009) country comparison to the world: 51
Airports (paved runways):total: 38 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 7 (2009)
Airports (unpaved runways):total: 80 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 73 (2009)
Heliports:2 (2009)
Pipelines:condensate 3 km; gas 1,965 km; oil 31 km; refined products 114 km (2008)
Railways:total: 1,849 km standard gauge: 57 km 1.435-m gauge (57 km electrified) narrow gauge: 1,792 km 1.000-m gauge (150 km electrified) (2008)
Roadways:total: 98,721 km paved: 80,280 km (includes 1,821 km of expressways) unpaved: 18,441 km (2004)
Waterways:7,200 km note: Peninsular Malaysia 3,200 km; Sabah 1,500 km; Sarawak 2,500 km (2008)
Merchant marine:total: 306 by type: bulk carrier 12, cargo 97, carrier 1, chemical tanker 34, container 46, liquefied gas 33, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 71, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 4 foreign-owned: 40 (Germany 1, Hong Kong 14, Japan 4, Russia 2, Singapore 16, Sweden 3) registered in other countries: 68 (Bahamas 13, Marshall Islands 3, Norway 1, Panama 12, Philippines 1, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Singapore 27, Thailand 3, Tuvalu 1, US 2, unknown 4) (2008)
Ports and terminals:Bintulu, Johor Bahru, Kuantan, Labuan, George Town (Penang), Port Kelang, Tanjung Pelepas
^Back to Top
 Military

Military branches:Malaysian Armed Forces (Angkatan Tentera Malaysia, ATM): Malaysian Army (Tentera Darat Malaysia), Royal Malaysian Navy (Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia, TLDM), Royal Malaysian Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia, TUDM) (2009)
Military service age and obligation:18 years of age for voluntary military service (2005)
Manpower available for military service:males age 16-49: 6,440,338 females age 16-49: 6,280,826 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 16-49: 5,493,946 females age 16-49: 5,409,524 (2009 est.)

Christian groups on drive to convert Muslims, Malaysian papers report.

KUALA LUMPUR - Two Malay dailies alleged today that Christian organisations are carrying out covert missions to convert poverty-stricken Muslims by offering them cash, free food and housing in a follow-up to a controversial church raid this week. 

In its frontpage story titled "Sogok wang gadai akidah" ["Cash bribes faith pawned"], Berita Harian reported that certain organisations were hiding behind the guise of welfare aid and offering all manner of monthly cash allowances of at least RM1,000 (S$405.85) to hard-hit Muslims and their families in an attempt to turn them into Christians. 

The pro-Barisan Nasional newspaper did not name any of the organisations but posted a pixelised photo of a woman on its cover, which it captioned as "Jasmine admits receiving aid from a community church in Damansara Utama, Petaling Jaya". 

Last Wednesday, the Selangor Islamic Religious Department (Jais) partnered the police and burst in on a multiracial dinner at the Damansara Utama Methodist Church (DUMC) in Petaling Jaya based on a report that the Christian majority crowd was allegedly proselytising to Muslim guests, triggering a nationwide uproar. 

The religious enforcement force, which answers directly to the Sultan of Selangor as head of Islam in the frontline state, has been slammed for purportedly violating the rights of the minority non-Muslim community. 

Selangor executive councillor in charge of Islamic affairs Datuk Hasan Ali broke ranks with the state Pakatan Rakyat (PR) administration when he rose to defend Jais' act, which he said was based on a complaint that the Christians had used the words "Quran" and "pray" in front of Muslims which he noted was a breach of Islamic law. 

While not referring to any specific church, the national Malay daily said, "Each participant is promised a 'new life' by the organisation's leader who portrayed himself as a 'saviour' if he follows the arranged programme, including changing his religion." 

It cited interviews with two former participants whom it named only as "Adazhan" and "Jasmine" who "admitted" to having received such aide and taken part in the programmes out of desperation. 

Adazhan, said to be in his 30s, claimed he had been trained to become a "priest" for 10 years and convert his Muslim family. 

"Before, I was given RM500 a month. For those with wives, they get an extra RM300 and RM 100 for each child. Now, the amount of financial aid has increased and it is understood some get more than RM1,000 a month," Berita Harian quoted him as saying. 

"I believe many have been duped after swallowing the persuasion and feel obligated with the aide received. Only, they fear to change their religious status in their MyKad," Adazhana told Berita Harian yesterday. 

Jasmine, whom the paper said was detained last Wednesday during the Jais church raid, revealed that Muslim participants were "forbidden to believe in Prophet Muhamad [pbuh], but was asked to follow the teachings of 'Nabi Isa' [Prophet Jesus] through talks and songs during the entire function". 

"They promised to settle all problems before the target is brought to attend the get-to-know you sessions and secretive talks. Usually, interest to join the organisation arises after listening to speeches from religious leaders from Sabah, Sarawak and Indonesia," reported Berita Harian quoting the woman as saying, adding she joined the church organisation two years ago. 

Bestselling Malay tabloid Harian Metro also highlighted a similar story on its front page today under the title "Kami diberi Bible versi Melayu" [We were given Malay Bibles]. 

It alleged that Christian evangelists were using the "soft approach" to persuade Malays to convert from Islam to Christianity. 

"The evangelists or pastor never forced me to enter their religion but persisted using the soft approach through persuasion apart from helping me until the end until I felt I owed them and complied with following their religious programme which normally happens twice a week," it quoted an unnamed woman detained during the DUMC raid as saying. 

"We were given a Malay version of the bible and supplied with a tape recording containing religious songs to memorise before being exposed to talks that rejected Islam and Prophet Muhammad [pbuh]," she said. 

In the same story continuing on page 12 of the newspaper today, Harian Metro claimed there was an "underground" community of Malay Christians that had spread throughout the Klang Valley and covered Kelantan and Terengganu. 

Both newspapers are published by The New Straits Times Press Bhd, a unit of the Umno-linked media giant Media Prima Bhd. THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER.